According to Polybius, the causes of the Second Punic war were as follows: Based on this, and Hannibal's oath, some historians infer that Hamilcar's post-Mercenary War activities were aimed at eventual war with Rome, which was inherited by his sons, and some further suggested that Hamilcar devised the strategy of invading Italy by crossing the Alps as well as Hannibal's battle tactics. Roman Beach AttackThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). The rebel army was starved of supplies and eventually sought to surrender. Hanno the Great was aligned with them and they espoused peaceful relations with Rome, even at the cost of abandoning overseas territories. In addition to maintaining a fleet and soldiers in Sicily, they were also fighting the Libyans and Numidians in northern Africa. Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (c. 275 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. Related Content Hamilcar Barca. [106] Hamilcar now had the means to pay for his mercenary army and also to ship silver ore to Carthage to help pay off the war indemnity. Nothing is known of Hamilcar before he was given command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily in 247 during the First Punic War. . Hamilcar broke off the second siege of Carthage by Mathos and headed inland where a rebel army awaited him. Hamilcar Barca or Barcas ( c. 275-228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. Nothing had come of these supposed episodes and some scholars doubt their authenticity. Hamilcar was a young man of 28 when he received the Sicilian command in 247 BC. 50 Carthaginian ships were sunk, 70 captured and 10,000 prisoners taken. The rebel loss was 8,000 dead with 4,000 captured. The Carthaginian army was caught in a pincer movement; Hamilcar pretended to retreat, and Spendius likely attempted to trap the outnumbered Carthaginians against the river with his two forces, pinning them with one and out-flanking them with the other. Hamilcar retired to Carthage after the peace treaty in 241BC, following the defeat of Carthage. Please support World History Encyclopedia. He then left Ercte for Mount Eryx (modern Erice near Trapani), which he held until 241. 285-c. 229 B.C.) Byk komutan Hannibal'n babas. Lance Serge states that Hamilcar's family was part of the landed aristocracy of Carthage. 18 Jan 2023. Hannibal's father, Hamilcar Barca, general of the Carthaginian mercenaries, was infuriated about the western Mediterranean losses of Sicily and Sardinia. [62] Hamilcar occupied the bridge, then established control over the surrounding region. Hamilcar's other two sons were Hasdrubal Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, both of whom commanded during the Second Punic War. A growing number of professional military historians believe that Hannibal Barca was a dark skin ethnically mixed Numidian warrior. [78] This event may have taken place as early as 241 BC or more likely in 237 BC. The riches from these campaigns were channelled back to Carthage. The seeds of that conflict, called Hannibals War even in antiquity, were sown by Hamilcars unforgiving and unyielding spirit against Rome and passed on to his sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and Mago. Hamilcar's sons, Hannibal and Hasdrubal, had accompanied him. Carthage sent an expedition to Sardinia under Hanno, but this force killed their officers and joined the rebels. As a primarily mounted general in Evony, Hamilcar Barca has mounted buffs of 20% in total when all specialties are maxed out. Not only did the Carthaginians lose the First Punic War and so the control of Sicily but they were also compelled to pay huge reparations to Rome. Hamilcar then returned to Africa, where his mercenary troops, long unpaid, revolted in what is known as the Mercenaries War (or Truceless War). Furthermore, Hamilcar allied with Hasdrubal the Fair,[80] his future son in law, to restrict the power of the aristocracy, which was led by Hanno the Great,[81] as well as gain immunity from prosecution. Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between[49] so the government could pay them off without trouble. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. The Barca family originated from the celebrated Numidian warriors. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Over the years I've covered thousands of miles and worn holes in even the best walking boots, putting one foot in front of the other to write walking features for this paper. The Carthaginian army would surrender their weapons and all Roman deserters immediately. Hamilcars victory over the mercenaries in 237 contributed to his growing political power in Carthage and led him to pursue territory in Spain as compensation for the losses to Rome. Hannibal whose full name is Chenu Bechola Barca was an intelligent warrior of Carthaginian . During the Second Punic War, Hannibal inflicted crushing defeats on Roman armies, particularly in the battle of Cannae where 70,000 Romans died following the engagement. According to Cornelius Nepot, "he provided the whole of Africa with horses, weapons, and money". Hamilcar, on his own responsibility and without the consent of the Carthaginian government,[85] ferried the army across to Gades to start an expedition into Hispania (236 BC), where he hoped to gain a new empire to compensate Carthage for the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. Web. [59] The modern historian Dexter Hoyos stresses that "[s]uch manoeuvres were about the simplest that any army could learn, once it mastered the absolute basics of marching in formation". 68, 69, Punica Barcino, Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Fall of Carthage, pp95, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamilcar_Barca&oldid=1118409183, Carthaginian commanders of the First Punic War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. All the black African looking coins have been carbon dated around the time that Hannibal was alive, but the Semitic looking coins are dated roughly a century or more after Hannibals death. Hamilcar Barca (d. 229/8 B.C.) [121] Hamilcar is thought to be the best commander of the First Punic War and as a man, Cato placed Hamilcar a cut above most leaders, including most Romans. These were taken to Tunis, the rebel capital, and crucified in full sight of Mathos' army. Best walking boots for men and women for 2023, tested by experts. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair.The name Hamilcar (Punic-Phoenician mlqrt, "brother of Melqart") was a common name for Carthaginian men. America's Black dilemma Hasdrubal the Fair then took over command of the Carthaginian army. After Carthage's defeat by . The aristocratic party had dominated Carthaginian politics since 248 BC. Hamilcar had been undefeated and was forced to make peace. He supplemented his original force of some 25,000 with local recruits and amassed a 50,000-strong army which included a corps of Numidian cavalry (supplied by Prince Naravas) and 100 elephants. Meanwhile, Mathos had defeated a Carthaginian army, and he dealt the same treatment to the captured Carthaginian general. 275 - 228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. [88] Phoenician colonies were strung along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of southwestern Spain and exercised some degree of control over their immediate areas, but only had trading contacts, not direct control, over the tribes of Iberia at that time. #1. In expanding his power to the European continent, Hamilcar reinvigorated the Carthaginian empire, regained needed resources, and prepared a base for renewing war against Rome, which his son Hannibal would famously do in the Second Punic War. But now the 20,000 man army had to be paid their full due. J.-C. avant de retourner l'tranger, o il russit tendre les intrts carthaginois dans le sud de l'Espagne. The war, which had started in 264 BC, continued after the Romans abandoned Africa; however, neither side gained a decisive advantage until 249 BC. Hannibal Barca was probably a black Carthaginian military commander; he became famous for his crossing of the Alps, his strategic brilliance before taking on major campaigns, his tactical genius on the battlefield, and his operational prowess during combat. Hamilcar obtained permission from the Carthaginian Senate for recruiting and training a new army, with the immediate goal of securing the African domain of Carthage. When this was done in an ancient-history classroom at the University of Pennsylvania, Prof. William C. McDermott responded: "Yes, Hannibal was as black as King David." The great Carthaginian was. This position allowed Hamilcar to hold a mountain base and harass the rear of the Roman forces who were besieging Drepana and Lilybaeum, which were Carthage's last remaining strongholds on Sicily. Hamilcar, after subduing Turdetania[107] next moved east from Gades towards Cape Nao. World History Encyclopedia, 01 Jun 2016. Hamilcar's move away from the traditional naval power of Carthage to a land force was reaping fantastic rewards. Hamilcar spent nine years in Spain. Hannibal's father, commander and statesman Hamilcar Barca, chafed at the peace treaty, which forced Carthage to surrender the valuable colony of Sicily and pay remunerations to Rome. Like ancient Carthage, Akre Leuca was not only a military center but also a culturally-advanced city in its time. [60], According to another line of thought,[61] Hamilcars army marched in three separate columns, with the war elephants placed nearest the rebel army. Certainly, tribute in money, if not men, was extracted from local cities and new silver mines were worked. However his popular influence among the people frightened any Senators off attempting to bring him to trial. There is no clear record of the political activity in Carthage at this time. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage Hannibal (also known as Hannibal Barca, l. 247-183 BCE) was a Carthaginian Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Punic Wars by Bagnall, Nigel [Hardcover ], Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Entrusted with naval operations, he immediately set out to attack and ravage the coastline of Lucania and Bruttium. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. To forestall any such event, rebels committed an act of cruelty unpardonable by Carthage. Hamilcar defeated the confederates, killed the leaders and several of their soldiers, while he released a number of prisoners and incorporated 3,000 of the enemy into his army. Hamilcar Barca was a member of the Barcid clan of Carthage and the father of Hannibal Barca, Rome's most notorious enemy, who crossed the Alps and caused havoc in Italy in the Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE). Valerius Maximus has Hamilcar speak of "four lion's whelps which I have raised to exterminate the Roman name. In the end in 237 bc Hamilcar won the war and in spite of his promises he had the leaders of the rebels crucified. The new joiners were armed with equipment captured from the rebels. Monolito Amilcar Elche Sierra.jpg 640 480; 43 KB. Hamilcar was a Carthaginian commander whose greatest achievement was winning the Battle of Drepanum in 249 BC during the First Punic War. [67] The rebel army was slaughtered, with the elephants trampling most to death. An unnamed fourth son is often referred to, but details are lacking. Corrections? [75] The Mercantile Class, whose interests were hurt by the war, and would be marginalized by the abandonment of overseas operations, also supported this faction. The rebels, under Spendius and Matho, were joined by 70,000 African subjects of Carthage. The success of Hamilcar and his family in Spain, which rebuilt Carthaginian finances and created a standing army, giving Carthage the means to resist Rome. [57] As the two rebel forces came into clear sight the Carthaginians wheeled, and marched away. No. It was the first chapter in the history of the Roman Empire. [43], Lutatius did not have the authority to ratify the agreement he made with Hamilcar, so he forwarded them to the Comitia Centuriata in Rome. Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (Punic: c. 275-228 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Hamilcar raised an army of 10,000 with Romes cooperation and battled the rebels for four years before recapturing his provinces in north Africa. His son was Hannibal, famous for his exploits during the Second Punic War. Rome forbade Italian traders to trade with rebels and encouraged trade with Carthage, freed Punic prisoners without ransom, and allowed Carthage to recruit mercenaries from Roman territories and flatly refused the invitation from Utica, Hippo and Sardinia to occupy these areas. In various forms, the name . He was also fatherinlaw to Hasdrubal the Fair. All his family members were employed in the army and made major contributions to . Hamilcar retired to Carthage after the peace treaty in 241 BC, following the defeat of Carthage. We have coins which are apparently presenting the image of Hamilcar (Hannibal's Father) and Hasdrubal (Hannibal's brother.) Hamilcar Barca or Barcas (Punic: , omilqart Baraq; c.275228BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage (present-day Tunisia) in approximately 247 B.C. However, the rebels regrouped, and observing lax discipline among the Punic troops, launched a surprise sortie and routed the Punic army while Hanno was absent,[52] driving the survivors to Utica and capturing all the baggage. The Carthaginians had gained command of the sea after their victories in 249 BC, but they only held two cities in Sicily: Lilybaeum and Drepanum by the time Hamilcar took up command. Some of Hamilcars anger at Rome was transferred to his son Hannibal, whoaccording to Polybius and Livyswore eternal enmity against Rome. Hasdrubal the Fair commanded the fleet[84] carrying supplies and elephants along the coast, keeping pace with the army. Hamilcar probably fought an inconclusive battle at Drepanum,[22] but there is cause to doubt this.[24]. Territories During the Second Punic WarJavierfv1212 (CC BY-SA). Poirson5.gif 449 637; 129 KB. [113], Orissus, chieftain of the Oretani tribe, came to the assistance of the besieged town. Because of his place in military history, people often question his origin and black African ethnicity. The wily commander told them he was merely securing wealth for Carthage so that they could meet their reparation obligations to Rome. After the trapped rebels ran out of food, pack animals and cavalry horses and finally resorted to cannibalism, Spendius, Autaritus and Zarzas, accompanied by seven others, went to Hamilcar's camp to seek terms. While harassing Roman troops with guerrilla tactics in western Sicily, Hamilcar staged a landing on the north coast, capturing Mount Ercte (probably Pellegrino near Palermo), which he held in the face of determined Roman attempts to dislodge him (247244). By this time he had three daughters, and his son Hannibal was born during the same year. He is of average height for a gladiator, has tawny skin, and well-trimmed black hair with a small beard. But the rebels would sally out from their camp at Tunis and approach the city walls to cause terror inside the city. So he did. luminat) i no era un nom familiar sin un renom personal, encara que a la seva famlia se la distingeix desprs amb el nom dels Barca o Barcins. He then quashed a rebellion closer to home between 241 and 237 BCE before returning abroad, where he successfully expanded Carthaginian interests in southern Spain. He employed combined arms tactics, like Alexander and Pyrrhus,[20] and his strategy was similar to the one employed by Quintus Fabius Maximus in the Second Punic War, ironically against Hannibal, the eldest son of Hamilcar Barca, in Italy during 217 BC. Because Carthaginians kept no written chronicles of Hannibals life, historical knowledge of Hannibal was based upon Carthaginian oral traditions and entirely on Roman written records. Certainly, tribute in money, if not men, was extracted from local cities new! Was starved of supplies and elephants along the coast, keeping pace with the army and major... Well-Trimmed black hair with a small beard in 241 BC or more likely in 237 BC mines were worked attempting! Tribe, came to the assistance of the rebels, under Spendius and Matho were! Coast, keeping pace with the army 2023, tested by experts the rebels crucified ( modern near... Sardinia under hanno, but details are lacking Amilcar Elche Sierra.jpg 640 480 ; 43.... 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